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(No Model.) 4 Sheets-Sheet 1.

J.. M. PRINGLE.

GEOMETRIGAL DRAWING BOARD.

No. 390,397. Patented 001;. 2, 1888.

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(No Model.) S 4 Sheets-Sheet 2.

J. M. PRINGLE.

GEOMBTRIGAL DRAWING BOARD.

No. 390,397. Patented Oct. 2, 1888.

INVENTOR: 5 772.?

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(No Model.) 4 Sheets-Sheet 3.

J. M. PRINGLE.

GEOMETRIGAL DRAWINGv BOARD.

No. 390,397. Patented Oct. 2, 1888.

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(No Model.) 4 Sheets-Sheet; 4.

J. M. PRINGLB.

GEOMETRIGAL DRAWING BOARD.

No. 390,397. Patented 0013.2, 1888.

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WiTNE SSES: INVENTOR:

JAM a a 12/ I BY Zita 5i ATTORNEYS UNITED STATES PATENT Erica.

JAMES MILNE PRINGLE, OF BATHURST, NEW SOUTH \VALES.

GEOMETRICAL DRAWING-=BOARD.

SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 390,397, dated October 2, 1888.

Application filed February 9, 1888. Serial No. 263,482. (No model.) Patented in New South \Vales October 1,1885, No. 1,609. and in England Octnher3, 1885, No. I1,785.

To all whom it may concern.-

Be it known that I, JAMES MILNE PRING LE, a subject of the Queen of Great Britain, residing in the city of Bathurst and Colony of New South Vales, Australia, have invented a new and useful Improvement in Geometrical Drawing-Boards, (for which I have obtained Letters of Registration in New South 21198, No. 1,699, hearing date October 1, 1885, and also a pat ent in England, No. 11,785, and hearing date October, 3, 1885,) of which the following is a specification.

The invention has for an object to provide simple means for facilitating the teaching and explaining of the principles of that branch of solid or descriptive geometry used in the constructive arts-viz., geometrical projection and also for the purpose of simplifying and practically illustrating these principles in the teaching of mechanical drawing, first, by the placing of models on the plane of plan and determining from observation or by measurement their plans, elevations, and sections; second, by turning the different planes into one vertical plane, when the drawing and the method of determining its projections will appear on the board, as on an ordinary drawing on paper, and also to practically illustrate, first, the determination of oblique lines and planes in geometrical and perspective drawing; second, the use of plans, elevations, and sections in architectural and mechanical drawing; third, different views of the same object in model-drawing and for the ordinary uses of a blackboard.

The board, which is made of wood, is fixed to an upright frame of wood or iron, and is composed of various planes hinged together and arranged in a certain way. One portion forms a plane of plan or horizontal plane on this plane wire, or other models of the objects to be drawn can be placed and held at any an gle to the horizontal or-vertical plane, or to both, by means of a double quadrant having two movable arms. The projections of the various points and lines in the model can then be determined and clearly demonstrated from observation on the planes of plan, elevation, and section, after which the different planes, 5o being turned into one vertical plane corrc-= which governs geometrical projection.

sponding with the one plane used by the student, show the drawing and the method of determining its projections exactly as they ap pear on the paper. The student has thus the advantage of seeing the object to be drawn and of observing its position with reference to the planes of plan, elevation, and section, and he is also able to perceive how the object cor responds,line by line and point by point,with its plan, elevation, and section, and why these projections have a certain appearance. The board is also fitted with a plane to receive ob lique sections,a hinged pointed wire and plunr met to illustrate the reason of the rule used in geometrical projection-viz., that the plan and the elevation of a point are in the same straight line perpendicular to the l. L. intersectingline, )an adj ustableT-square,a scale of'chords,

a quadrant, and ascale graduated with inches cighths and tenths.

When not in use, the board may be closed and locked.

The invention consists in certain features of construction and novel combinations of parts, as will be hereinafter described and claimed.

In the accompanying drawings, Figure 1. is a front view of the whole board when the dif ferent boards form one plane surface. Fig. 2 is a vertical section when one plane is horizontal and another at right angles to the vertical plane. The double quadrant is shown supporting a wire model of a cube which is parallel to the vertical plane and makes angles of thirty and sixty degrees with the horizontal plane. 'Fig. 3 is a detail view of an oblique section plane which can be attached to the vertical plane. Fig. 4 is a detail view of a pointed wire, which can be attached to the board, and from which is suspended a plummet for the purpose of illustrating the rule Fig. 5 is a detail view of a dovetail catch riveted to an angle-plate and screwed to edge of board (see Fig. l) for thepurpose of keeping it rigid. Fig. 6 is a detail view of a cornerdate fixed to lower corners of vertical plane and having a small hole for a wooden pin to receive the point of compasses. Fig. 7 is a dctailview of flush-hook fixed to Fig. l at y for the purpose of keeping the adjoining planes flush on the face. Fig. 8 shows in detail the construction whereby the T- square is connected to the board and holding the same in any suitable adjustment. Fig. 9 is a detail view of the quadrant and keeper which supports the horizontal plane. Fig. 10 shows in detail the double quadrant with movable arms and rest to support wire models of solids when they make an angle with the horizontal or vertical plane, or with both. Figs. 11, 12, and 13 are views of the apparatus, illustrating the same as when in use; and Fig. 1 1 represents the hinge of the sections in detail.

Similarletters refer to similar parts through out the several views.

The board is mounted on a vertical frame, A, to which it can either be fixed when small by means of screws, or suspended when large by means of weights, cords, and pulleys a.

C, Fig. 1, is the main section forming the vertical plane or plane of elevation, the words Vertical Plane or Plane of Elevation being printed permanently on the plane 0. To the lower edge of the section 0 is hinged the sec tion D, forming the horizontal plane or plane of plan, the words Horizontal Plane or Plane of Plan being printed permanently on the plane D, which can be raised or lowered to make any angle with section 0, and secured thereat by means of a notched quadrant, K, Figs. 2 and 9, passing through aslot in an iron bar, (I, which is screwed at its upper end to the edge of section 0, the lower end passing through a keeper, 6, fastened to cross-rail of frame A. A small flush roller, 1'', keeps the 'friction of bar (Z off the rail. A latch, g, operates to lift the quadrant out of the notch when required, the latch having a thumb or handle portion, 9, projecting through the face of the horizontal plane section.

To the left vertical edge of section 0 is hinged the section E, which forms a vertical plane of section or end elevation, the words Vertical Plane of Section or End Elevation being printed permanently on the plane E. To'the rightvertical edge of section 0 is hinged the section F. To F is hinged a supplemental section, G. To G is hinged a section, H, all these sections F, G, and H forming one vertical plane corresponding to plane E, and having the words Vertical Plane of Section or End Elevation also printed permanently upon it. The plane is kept rigid by means of dovetail catches M, Figs. 1 and 5. A graduated quadrant, h, of brass or other metal, is cut into three parts. One part, h, having a scale of chords attached, is inserted into the plane D, and also into the sect-ionsG and H, to determine, first, the angle which section D makes with section 0, and, second, the angle which section F makes with section 0 when sections G and H are turned up behind section F and section D is at right angles to section 0. v

Two brass or other metal eyes, k, Figs. 1, 2, and 4, are screwed into the vertical plane 0. A pointed wire, N, Fig. 4, with two branches turning up and down, the lower branch having a small shoulder, is inserted into the eyes 7c It. To the end of N, passing through asmall hole, is attached a cord, N, to which is sus pended a small plummet, N". The purpose of the wire and plummet is (the wire being c011- sidered a horizontal and the cord avertical ray of light) to practically illustrate 1311611116 in geometrical projection that the plan and the elevation of a point arein the same straight line perpendicular to the I. L., (intersecting line,) the rule being printed permanently on the board on either side of the point 0 N Fig. 1, from which a chalkiine can at any time be drawn to the plan of the point on the horizontal plane which is determined by the plummet.

The intersecting lines and the letters I. L, Figs. 1 and 13, and the words "Oblique Section Plane, are also painted permanently on the boards. A flush-hook, Y, Fig. 7, is screwed to the lower edges of planes D and F at y for the purpose of keeping these boards flush on the face. AT-square, P, Figs. 1 and 8, is attached to the board by means of an angle-plate, i, made of brass or other metal, and fixed to the edge of the board. In the plate is a dovetailed groove, in which works a slide,

j,with a spring at back to keep it in position. To the stock of the T-square is fixed a plate, I) b, having square projectionsl Z Z, to work in the groove of angle-plate. A loose tongue,m, Fig. 8, is inserted in the wood stock of square behind the plate I) I) and working on a spiral spring and pin which passes through a projection of the plate b b. The tongue may be pressed up by a horizontal pin, a, which projects beyond the outside of the wood stock, and the tonguem, projecting through the plate I) I), and engaging on the upper side of slidej, and cooperating with the beveled projection L below said slide,serves to hold the square in position and to permit its ready application and removal when so desired.

A double quadrant, Fig. 10, made of brass or other metal, is provided to hold the wire models of solids in position when the same make an angle with the horizontal plane. The horizontal quadrant 0 0 has two small pins, 10 p, at angles, which, being inserted into corresponding socket-holes, pp, in the horizontal plane, Fig. 1, keep one side of the quadrant parallel to the vertical plane. The lower arm, q, is attached to the center or angle of quadrant by a pivot. The upper arm, 8, is hinged at one end to the lower arm, and has a slot near the free end, through which passes a vertical graduated quadrant, r, notched every ten degrees. A spring, t, presses the quadrant into the notch,whieh holds the upper arm at the required angle The lower end of the vertical quadrantis hinged to the free end of the lower arm,which,rotating on the pivot, moves on the face of the horizontal quadrant, and thus makes any desired angle with the vertical plane.

the vertical quadrant, makes any anglewith Again, the upper arm, 8, moving on the horizontal plane. Upon the upper arm, which is branched at s, is placed the wire model of the object to be drawn,which is kept in position by means of a rest, 1), at the lower end, and a sliding hook, to, at the other end. A corner plate or plates, 00, Figs. 1 and 6, has a wooden pin, 00, to receive point of compasses. An oblique section plane, B, Fig. 3, and as indicated on Fig. 1, can be attached to the vertical plane by means of loose eye-pins w w, inserted into corresponding socketholes, ww, Fig. 1, one of said sockets forming a center and the others being arranged in an arc and spaced every ten degrees.

In Fig. 11 I have shown the wire model of a pyramid together with two projections, one being with one side of the base parallel to the vertical plane and the base, making an angle of thirty degrees with the horizontal plane,the other having the base still making an angle of thirty degrees with the horizontal plane, and the side of the base making thirty degrees with the vertical plane.

In Fig. 12 the projections are shown as they would appear on the paper of the student. Said Fig. 12 also shows onehalf elevation and one-half section of an expansion joint. This figure also shows the wire and the plummet suspended therefrom.

Fig. 13 shows on the horizontal or base section a wire model of a cylinder standing on its plan and in front of its elevation. Such figure also illustrates the use of oblique section plane. The lower edge of the plane, which forms the intersecting line, is fixed at an angle similar to that made by the required section with the horizontal plane. The oblique plane, being then turned round so as to be at right angles to the vertical plane, is then parallel to the oblique section in this case of a cylinder whose projection it receives.

It will be seen from the drawings and foregoing description that the drawingboard in its various combinations and arrangements of planes and quadrants greatly simplifies and practically illustrates the principles of orthographic or geometrical projection used in mechanical drawing, first, by the use of planes of plan elevation and section a in their normal position-that is, parallel to their respective projections b-by turning the different planes into one vertical plane to correspond with the drawing on the paper of the pupil; second, by the placing of wire or other models of geometrieal solids and objects on the horizontal plane, and when required holding the same at any angle to the vertical and horizontal planes, or to both, by means of a double quadrant, when the projections of the model can be de monstrated line by line and point by point, either from observation or by measurement; third, by the use of a hinged wire from which is suspended a plummet (the wire represent ing a horizontal and the cord and plummet a vertical ray of light) to demonstrate the rule in geometrical proj cction-viz., the plan and the elevation of a point are in the same straight line perpendicular to the intersect ingline, fourth, bythe paintingpermanently on the board the rule, the intersecting lines, and the name of the different planes, all as set forth in the foregoing specification.

I am not aware that prior to my invention a drawing-board such as I describe has been made.

What I therefore claim, and desire to secure by Letters Patent, is-- 1. A board adapted to facilitate the teaching and explaining of solid or descriptive geometry, comprising a main section and a hinged or pivoted plane section or sections, such sections being adjustable relatively, sub stantially as described, whereby the drawing faces of such sections may be adjusted parallel to different planes or elevations of the same object or model and intoacommon plane, substantially as set forth.

2. In a board substantially as described, the combinatiomwith a main section, of the hinged side section or sections and the hinged horizontal plane section, all arranged substantially as described, and for the purpose specified.

3. The combination of the main section, the hinged side section, the hinged horizontal plane section, and the model-support, substantially as set forth.

4. In an apparatus substantially as described, a model-support consisting of a horizontal quadrant, a lower arm pivoted at one end to the quadrant, the upper arm hinged at one end to the lower arm at the pivoted end thereofand havinga slot nearits upper or free end, and the notched quadrant secured to the lower arm and extended through the slot in the upper arm, substantially as set forth.

'5. In an apparatus substantially as described, the combination of the main section, the horizontal section hinged and having socket-holesp, the model-support having its base or horizontal quadrant provided with pins p to engage said. socket-holes, and the hinged side section or sections,snbstantially as set forth.

6. In an apparatus substantially as described, the combination of several sections hinged together, whereby they may be adjusted IIO to different relative angles and the graduated scales on such sections, whereby the angles thereof may be accurately determined, substantially as set forth.

. 7. In an apparatus substantially as described, a main section and a horizontal plane section adjustable to different angles relative to the main section, combined with a modelsnpport mounted on said horizontal plane section and provided with clamps for securing a model, substantially as set forth.

8. In an apparatus substantially as described, the combination, with a main section, of a horizontal plane section hinged at its upper edge to such main section, whereby it may be set at various angles thereto, and a side section hinged at one side edge to the main section and movable over the horizontal plane section in the use of the apparatus,substantially as described, and for the purpose specifled.

9. In an apparatus substantially as described, the combination of a main section, a hinged horizontal section, and a hinged side section, the latter being formed ofsub sections F, G, and H, hinged together, substantially as described, and for the purpose specified.

10. An apparatus substantially as described, comprising a main section, the sidev section, E, hinged to one side edge of the main section, the horizontal plane section hinged to the lower edge of the main section, and the side section formed ofsubsections F, G, and H, the section F bcinghinged to the main section, the section G tothc section F, and the section H to the section G, allsubstantially as and for the purpose specified.

11. In an apparatus substantially as described, the combination of the main section, the horizontal plane section, whereon to sup port a model, the horizontal wire or arm, and

l l l and rearwardly through the guide-slot inthe bar d, substantially as and for the purpose specified.

13. In an apparatus substantially as described, the combination of the main section having a number of sockets, to, one of which forms a center while the others are ranged in an arc struck therefrom, the horizontal planesection, and the oblique section plane B, havingpins 10w fitted to the sockets to, substantially as set forth.

1-1:. An apparatus substantially as described, having a section or portion provided with a dovetail groove, combined with aspringactuated slide fitted in said groove, and the T-square having its head provided with aprojection, L, for engaging on one end of said slide, and with a springactuated tongue for engaging on the opposite end of theslide, substantially as set forth.

1 5. The improved apparatus, substantially as herein described and shown, consisting of the main section, the horizontal plane section, the side section, E, the side section formed of sub sections F, G, and H, the model support mounted on the horizontal plane section, the

arm or Wire pivoted at one end to the main section, and the plummet suspended from the said arm or wire, substantially as and for the purposes specified.

I. B. BEAUREGARZD, DONALD McINTosu. 

